Paradigm of knowledge

The topical issues of conducting phytopathological monitoring of dangerous diseases of fungal and bacterial origin of forest-forming species in the conditions of the Pergana, Seleziv, and Kopyshchan nature conservation research departments of the Polissky Nature Reserve using the prospective method of changes in radial growth of wood are substantiated. The pathological effect of vascular, necrotic and cancerous diseases of the trunks and branches of forest stands was analyzed, rotting diseases, causative agents of the root fungus of common nightshade, vascular mycosis of oak, trunk diseases of hanging birch, common aspen, black alder (glutinous) were monitored in the conditions of forest use in the Polissky Nature Reserve.

The subject of the work is modern, promising methods of phytopathological determination of the condition of forest stands of the main forest-forming species using the method of tree-ring chronologies for monitoring the presence or absence as a result of damage to the growth of stands in the forest vegetation conditions of the Polissky Nature Reserve. A practical comparison of the results of the proposed method for determining the phytopathological state of forest plantations and tree-ring chronologies of pure pine and pine-mixed stands of Pergansk, Kopyshchansk, and Seleziv nature protection research departments with generally accepted methods that are already widely used by forestry enterprises and research institutions, in including Vinnytsia Forest Protection, for the determination, examination and assessment of the sanitary condition of forests in the Central Polissia zone of Ukraine on the example of forest uses in the Polissky Nature Reserve. Approbation and representation of the effectiveness of the developed methodology of phytopathological monitoring of forest pine and mixed pine stands with a wide application of the dendrochronological method of determining the annual ring growth of wood of the main forest-forming species in the conditions of forest use of nature conservation research departments of the Polissky Nature Reserve, the possibility of applying the specified methodology in production forestry units, specialized research institutions and educational institutions of the Central Polissia zone.

The purpose of the work is a practical evaluation of the effectiveness of the methodology for phytopathological monitoring using the method of determining ring chronological growth of forest plantations on the example of the Pergansk, Kopyshchansk, and Seleziv nature conservation research departments of the Polissky Nature Reserve. The possibility of their use by forestry enterprises, research institutions and organizations that take care of issues of phytopathological monitoring and forest protection in the conditions of the Central Polissia zone of Ukraine.

The main methods of conducting research on the study and practical evaluation of promising methodological approaches of phytopathological and dendrochronological monitoring of the sanitary condition of forests in the conditions of the Pergansk, Kopyshchansk, and Seleziv nature conservation research departments of the Polissky Nature Reserve were:

1. Computational and analytical for the collection and processing of the results of phytopathological and dendrochronological monitoring of pine, pine-mixed stands in the forest edatopes of the Pergansky, Kopyshchansky, Seleziv nature conservation research departments of the Polisky Nature Reserve with different degrees of damage to the stands by fungal and bacterial diseases.

2. Implementation of general and divisional phytopathological monitoring and statistical analysis of the obtained results using already existing methodologies for researching the sanitary condition of forest plantations in accordance with the recommendations of the forest protection department of the Ukrainian Order of Honor of the Scientific Research Institute of Forestry and Agroforestry named after V. G. Vysotsky, as well as Vinnytsia Sozakhist.

3. Assessment of the representativeness and objectivity of the obtained research results in relation to all forestry enterprises of the Central Polissia zone of Ukraine, using the example of the Pergansky, Kopyshchansky, Seleziv nature conservation research departments of the Polissky Nature Reserve.

4. Practical approbation of the phytopathological methodology using tree-ring chronologies as a signaling method of the presence or absence of annual growth due to hidden damage by pathogens in pure and mixed pine stands of the Polissky Nature Reserve.

According to the results of the work, it was established that the methodology of phytopathological monitoring using the dendrochronological method of analysis of annual growth cores of the spread of pathogens of vascular, necrotic and cancer diseases of trunks and branches of the main forest-forming species in the conditions of the Pergansk, Kopyshchansk, and Seleziv nature conservation research departments of the Polissky Nature Reserve in the future will make it possible to practically and quickly determine the phytopathological condition at the first stages of disease manifestation in forest stands and apply operative silvicultural measures to prevent the spread of pathogens. It has been established that when using the proposed method of phytopathological monitoring with the assessment of annual increments based on selected cores in pure and mixed pine stands, it is possible to practically determine the phytopathological state of plantations, give a current objective assessment, and develop practical measures to prevent the further spread of fungal and bacterial pathogens in conditions of forest use on the example of the Polissky Nature Reserve. It has been proven that the proposed phytopathological methodology using the method of determining annual growth in pure pine and pine-mixed forest stands makes it possible to quickly carry out forestry preventive measures to localize fungal, bacterial, vascular, necrotic-cancerous pathologies, diseases of the trunks and branches of forest stands, rotten diseases, especially the pathological effects of the causative agents of the root fungus of common nightshade, pine fungus, vascular mycosis of common oak, trunk diseases of hanging birch, common aspen, black (glutinous) alder both in the conditions of the Polissky Nature Reserve and the Central Polissya zone in particular.

The scope of application of the research results is the objects of the nature reserve fund on the example of the Polissky Nature Reserve, forestry enterprises and forestry farms geographically located in the Central Polissia zone for the purpose of operational phytopathological monitoring of the forest pathological condition in the state forest fund, protection of forests from a complex of fungal pathogens , bacterial diseases and especially from vascular, necrotic cancer, diseases of the trunks and branches of forest stands, rotting diseases, pathological action of causative agents of the root fungus of the common sorrel, pine fungus, vascular mycosis of the common oak, trunk diseases of hanging birch, common aspen, black alder (glutinous ), as well as further preventing the emergence and spread of their epiphytotia over large areas.

The conclusions of the research are that today, as a result of the mass loss of the tree stand in the conditions of forest use in the Pergansk, Kopyshchansk, and Seleziv nature conservation research departments of the Polissky Nature Reserve, as well as forestry enterprises geographically located in the Central Polissia zone of Ukraine, the pathological action of pathogens has significantly intensified fungal, bacterial diseases and especially vascular, necrotic cancer, diseases of the trunks and branches of forest stands, rotting diseases, pathological action of causative agents of the root sponge of the common sorrel, pine sponge, vascular mycosis of the common oak, trunk diseases of hanging birch, common aspen, black alder (glutinous ) and due to unfavorable weather conditions acquired mass epiphytoty. Due to their pathological activity, 43.2% of pure pine and mixed pine stands have already been affected in the conditions of the Polissky Nature Reserve. The proposed method of phytopathological monitoring of foci of fungal and bacterial diseases in pine and pine-mixed stands using the method of wood chronologies makes it possible to carry out phytopathological analysis of stands in a forested area, to give a forecast and develop practical silvicultural and health measures to prevent the spread of pathogens of fungal and bacterial diseases in forest stands ecosystems of the Central Polissia zone. The practical use of the proposed methodology with elements of a dendrochronological forecast, in the future, makes it possible to carry out a phytopathological assessment of forest stands, to make a forecast of their further phytopathological state, to design and carry out in advance complex silvicultural and phytopathological preventive measures, which make it possible to exclude the pathological effect of the pathogen on the growth of pine and pine mixed stands. The recommended method for determining the phytopathological state using the methods of analyzing the cores of wood chronologies makes it possible to plan and carry out forestry measures in the affected areas of the forest in a timely manner and to prevent the large-scale spread of fungal and bacterial diseases and especially vascular, necrotic and cancer diseases, diseases of the trunks and branches of forest stands, rotten diseases, pathological effects of causative agents of the root fungus of the common sleeper, pine fungus, vascular mycosis of the common oak, stem diseases of the hanging birch, common aspen, black (glutinous) alder not only in the forest vegetation conditions of the Pergansk, Kopyshchansk, and Selezivsk Nature Conservation Research Departments, where during 2018 -2022 years, scientific research was conducted, but also in the conditions of forestry enterprises both in Zhytomyr Oblast and in the entire zone of Central Polissia in particular.

Key words: forest, Scots pine, stand, mixed forest plantations, damage, pathogen, diseases, technique, epiphytotia, dendrochronology, annual growth, tree chronologies, protection measures.

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